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Clownfish, Philippines. Photo by Stephane Rochon.

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Sex on the Reef. Part 24 of my DVD, "Reef Life of the Andaman", available at http://www.bubblevision.com/marine-life-DVD.htm

In this video we look at how some marine species breed underwater.

First we look at broadcast spawning, whereby marine animals release sperm or eggs, collectively known as "gametes", into the water. Large amounts of spawn are released to maximise the chances of successful fertilisation in the open water.

We see a Graeffe's sea cucumber, Pearsonothuria graeffei, broadcast spawning at Racha Yai near Phuket in Thailand, as well as a pizza anemone, Cryptodendrum adhaesivum, and a cock's comb oyster, Lopha cristagalli, in Burma's Mergui Archipelago.

Pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, are one of the most intelligent marine creatures. They copulate face to face, using their ten tentacles to embrace. The male cuttlefish passes spermatophores into a pouch beneath the female's mouth. He may first use a jet of water to flush out the spermatophores of any previous mates. Scuba divers may approach closely while the couple are engrossed in mating. After copulation the female cuttlefish passes her eggs over the sperm and into a crevice in the rocks. The male is extremely protective over the female and aggressively fends off other male suitors.

Finally, at Shark Cave, we see a male bigfin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, escorting a female as she deposits her eggs in the coral reef.

The full narration is available as English, German or Spanish subtitles by turning on the closed captions (CC). There are also closed captions available showing scientific and common names of the marine life in English, German or Dutch, along with dive site names.

"Reef Life of the Andaman" is being serialised weekly on YouTube. Please subscribe to my channel to receive notifications of new episodes as I release them. The series features descriptions of 213 different marine species including more than 100 tropical fish, along with sharks, rays, moray eels, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, sea slugs, cuttlefish, squid, octopus, turtles, sea snakes, starfish, sea cucumbers, corals, worms etc..

I have more scuba diving videos and underwater footage on my website at:
http://www.bubblevision.com

I post updates about my videos, and interesting underwater videos from other filmmakers here:
http://www.facebook.com/bubblevision
http://www.twitter.com/nicholashope

The video was shot by Nick Hope with a Sony VX2000 DV camera in a Gates housing. It was edited in Sony Vegas Pro then deinterlaced with QTGMC and upscaled to 720p HD in AviSynth.

Thanks to Absorb Fish (http://www.soundcloud.com/absorb-fish) for the music track, "Bird's Song (Edit)".

Thanks to Santana Diving of Phuket (http://www.santanaphuket.com), to Elfi and Uli Erfort and Daniel Bruehwiler for help with the German translation, and to Frank Nelissen for the Dutch subtitles.

Full list of marine life and dive sites featured in this video:

00:00 Graeffe's Sea Cucumber, Pearsonothuria graeffei, Koh Ha
00:11 Graeffe's Sea Cucumber, Pearsonothuria graeffei, Staghorn Reef, Racha Yai
00:31 Pizza Anemone, Cryptodendrum adhaesivum, Moving Wall
00:47 Cock's Comb Oyster, Lopha cristagalli, North Twin Plateau
00:58 Oyster, King Cruiser
01:05 Oyster, Moving Wall
01:10 Oyster, King Cruiser
01:15 Oyster, Moving Wall
01:25 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Black Rock
01:42 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Shark Cave
01:57 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Black Rock
02:10 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Shark Cave
02:18 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Richelieu Rock
02:54 Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Shark Cave
03:20 Bigfin Reef Squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Shark Cave
03:42 Day Octopus, Octopus cyanea, Western Rocky Island 04:13

Three Islets
Burma

30:50

Carwitzer See
Germany

Seahorses, pipefishes, ghost pipefishes and shrimpfish. Part 7 of my documentary, "Mucky Secrets", about the fascinating marine creatures of the Lembeh Strait in Indonesia.

In this video I take a look at members of the order Syngnathiformes, ray-finned fishes with long tubular snouts and elongate bodies.

The spotted seahorse, Hippocampus kuda, also known as the common seahorse, adapts its skin color to blend in to its environment. It has small hairs which gather algae and other matter to increase the camouflage. It feeds on small crustaceans, and its eyes can move independently to maximize its field of vision. It anchors itself to the seabed using its prehensile tail. The male seahorse incubates eggs then fetuses in a brood pouch on its belly until they are ready to hatch.

The tiny pygmy seahorse, Hippocampus bargibanti, is perfectly camouflaged amongst the branches of gorgonian seafans. Pygmy seahorses are so small and well camouflaged that they were only discovered in 1969 in a sea fan that had been collected by staff of an aquarium.

Pipefishes (Syngnathinae) are closely related to seahorses. They share the same long snout and toothless mouth, but have a straight body with ridges running along it. The ornate pipefish, Halicampus macrorhynchus, is well camouflaged to match its environment. The short-tailed pipefish, Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus, resembles a gorgonian sea whip, and we see a translucent gorgonian shrimp, Manipontonia psamathe, standing on its back.

The banded pipefish, Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus, is a type of flagtail pipefish. The large, colorful tail fin makes it a faster and more agile swimmer than most other pipefishes and is used in courtship and territorial displays. Like seahorses, it is the male that incubates the young. Females compete to deposit their eggs in compartments under its abdomen. Scientists have suggested that the process of sexual selection continues after copulation. The males tend to fertilise and nurture the eggs of attractive females, while the eggs of less attractive females may be neglected or even digested by the male as he prepares for future pregnancies.

Ghost pipefish, family Solenostomidae, are usually found in pairs and are very highly camouflaged. Robust ghost pipefish, Solenostomus cyanopterus, are common in the Lembeh Strait, as are ornate ghost pipefish, Solenostomus paradoxus. We encounter a female ornate ghost pipefish churning her eggs between her pelvic fins to aerate them.

Finally we encounter a school of rigid shrimpfish, Centriscus scutatus, also known as grooved razor-fish, on a night dive.

There are English captions showing either the full narration or the common and scientific names of the marine life, along with the dive site names.

Thanks to Kevin McLeod of http://www.incompetech.com for the music tracks, "Water Prelude" and "The Other Side of the Door". These tracks are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Thanks to Purple Planet (http://www.purple-planet.com) for the track "Biosphere".

Thanks to the staff and keen-eyed divemasters of Two Fish Divers (http://www.twofishdivers.com), for accommodation, diving services and critter-spotting.

I have more scuba diving videos and underwater footage on my website at:
http://www.bubblevision.com

I post updates about my videos here:
http://www.facebook.com/bubblevision
http://google.com/+bubblevision
http://www.twitter.com/nicholashope
http://bubblevision.tumblr.com

Full list of marine life and dive sites featured in this video:

00:00 Spotted Seahorse, Hippocampus kuda, Hairball
00:17 Spotted Seahorse, Hippocampus kuda, Jahir
00:36 Spotted Seahorse, Hippocampus kuda, Makawide
01:09 Pygmy Seahorse, Hippocampus bargibanti, Nudi Retreat
02:32 Gray's Pipefish, Halicampus grayi, Makawide
02:44 Ornate Pipefish, Halicampus macrorhynchus, Nudi Retreat
03:04 Ornate Pipefish, Halicampus macrorhynchus, Nudi Falls
03:10 Short-tailed Pipefish, Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus, Makawide
03:16 Short-tailed Pipefish, Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus, Critter Hunt
03:20 Translucent Gorgonian Shrimp, Manipontonia psamathe, Critter Hunt
03:42 Short-tailed Pipefish, Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus, Makawide
03:53 Banded Pipefish, Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus, Tanjung Kusukusu
04:08 Banded Pipefish, Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus, Aer Perang
04:40 Robust Ghost Pipefish, Solenostomus cyanopterus, TK 1 (Teluk Kembahu)
05:00 Robust Ghost Pipefish (tentative), Solenostomus cyanopterus, Nudi Falls
05:21 Ornate Ghost Pipefish, Solenostomus paradoxus, Aer Perang
05:37 Ornate Ghost Pipefish, Solenostomus paradoxus, Aw Shucks
05:54 Ornate Ghost Pipefish, Solenostomus paradoxus, Hairball
06:17 Ornate Ghost Pipefish, Solenostomus paradoxus, Hairball
07:06 Ornate Ghost Pipefish (juvenile), Solenostomus paradoxus, Jahir
07:24 Rigid Shrimpfish, Centriscus scutatus, Tanjung Kusukusu
08:01 Short Dragonfish, Eurypegasus draconis, Nudi Retreat 08:33

Nudi Retreat
Indonesia

A couple of resident Giant Sea Bass and a fleeing torpedoray highlighted the dive, with Mola Molas at the surface 01:59

Star of Scotland
United States of America


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